It is located on the Neckargemünd–Bad Friedrichshall railway and is classified by Deutsche Bahn as a category 4 station.

Meckesheimer station was opened on 23 October 1862 by the Grand Duchy of Baden State Railway (Großherzoglich Badische Staatseisenbahnen) together with the section of line from Neckargemünd to Meckesheim as part of the Odenwald Railway from Heidelberg to Mosbach and Würzburg.

Several people were killed and the station was destroyed in an Allied air raid on 24 March 1945.

A memorial stone was erected on platform 1 to commemorate the lives lost in the destruction.

The Aglasterhausen–Obrigheim section of Schwarzbach Valley Railway was closed at the timetable change on 25 September 1971.

On 1 January 1982, Südwestdeutsche Eisenbahn-Gesellschaft (SWEG) took over the line from Deutsche Bundesbahn under a fixed 20-year lease.