Mitral annular disjunction

[2] This abnormal attachment allows for the mitral valve to become hypermobile and can result in ventricular arrhythmias.

[3] MAD was first described in 1986 through autopsy analysis of hearts while investigating the incidence of mitral valve prolapse.

Hypotheses of congenital, degenerative, and acquired structural abnormalities exist.

[1] However, the physical characteristics of MAD are able to be observed through a variety of cardiac imaging techniques.

[1] In MAD, there is a distinct separation between the mitral annular ring and left ventricular wall.