Mittelgebirge

Left of the Upper Rhine, the North French Scarplands reach from the Palatinate and the Vosges Mountains down to the Paris Basin.

Though located within the Alpine foothills, the Jura Mountains are usually considered a separate Mittelgebirge range, while the Karst Plateau, leading to the Dinarides, geologically forms a part of the southern Alps.

In France, the Massif Central, located between the western Alps and the Pyrenees, rises to 1,886 metres (6,188 ft) but does not reach the tree line due to its Mediterranean climate.

In Italy, most parts of the Apennine Mountains running from the Maritime Alps down to the Strait of Messina are shaped by its Mittelgebirge character, though in Abruzzo peaks are up to 2,912 metres (9,554 ft) high.

In Britain well-known examples include the pikes of the Lake District, the Pennines, the Scottish Highlands and the Snowdon Massif, in Ireland the MacGillycuddy's Reeks, in the United States some ranges of the Appalachians, such as the Green Mountains (Vermont).