Monte Alegre is located in the statistical micro-region of Chapada dos Veadeiros and is 31 kilometers south of the border with Tocantins.

Highway connections from Goiânia are made by BR-153 / Anápolis / BR-060 / Alexânia / Planaltina / GO-118 / BR-010 / São João d'Aliança / Alto Paraíso de Goiás / BR-010 / GO-118 / Teresina de Goiás.

Municipal boundaries are with the state of Tocantins, Campos Belos de Goiás, Cavalcante, São Domingos, Divinópolis de Goiás, and Nova Roma The Serra da Contenda lies north of the region.

There are many rivers: Rio Paranã, Manso, São Domingos, Bezerra, Prata, Sarzeda and Pagão.

The main agricultural products in planted area were rice, sugarcane, beans, manioc, and corn (1,800 hectares).

Monte Alegre de Goiás was founded because of the search for gold.

In 1957 the municipality of Chapéu had its name changed to Monte Alegre de Goiás.