Mount Madson is located on the Kenai Peninsula on land managed by Chugach National Forest.

It is set 24 miles (39 km) north of the city of Seward in the Kenai Mountains.

[1] Precipitation runoff from the mountain drains into the Kenai River drainage basin.

[1][4] John Madson was a prospector who (with William Fairman) had mineral claims at Quartz Creek northwest of the mountain.

[7] Weather systems coming off the Gulf of Alaska are forced upwards by the Kenai Mountains (orographic lift), causing heavy precipitation in the form of rainfall and snowfall.