Khuzestan Central Persia Caucasus Pars Khorasan Other geographies The Muslim conquest of Azerbaijan was the military struggle that led to Adurbadagan's incorporation in the Rashidun Caliphate.

In AD 643 (AH 22), after the occupation of Rey and Central Eranshahr, Umar ordered the conquest of Adurbadagan.

The Rashidun Caliphate continued the conquest toward Adurbadagan first under the force of Al Mughirah bin Shubah.

The Muslim forces proceeded to Ardabil where the Persians did not resist and surrendered on the usual terms of Jizya (the annual tax levied on non-Muslims).

As a response, Umar sent expeditionary forces to Adurbadagan, one led by Bukayr ibn Abdallah and another by Utba bin Farqad.

[2] During the year of 25 AH, the Mushaf Uthmani of Quran was created in an attempt to avoid linguistic confusion of Qur'an which had been translated to local dialect of Adurbadagan and Armenia.

[4] After 645, forces under Al-Walid ibn Uqba campaigned in four-year rotations in two frontier districts (Thughur) of Rey and Adurbadagan.