[12] They have been used in technology applications for industries such as wastewater, environmental engineering, agriculture, aquaculture, medicine and biomedicine, and others.
[12] Stable nanobubbles in bulk about 30-400 nanometers in diameter were first reported in the British scientific journal Nature in 1982.
[17][18] The study of nanobubbles faces challenges in understanding their stability and the mechanisms behind their formation and dissolution.
[24][25][26] Nanobubbles can improve health outcomes for fish by increasing the dissolved oxygen concentration of water,[21] reducing the concentration of bacteria and viruses in water,[22] and triggering the nonspecific defense system of species such as the Nile tilapia, improving survivability during bacterial infections.
[27] The use of nanobubbles to increase dissolved oxygen levels can also promote plant growth and reduce the need for chemicals.