Nappe

The resulting structure may include large-scale recumbent folds, shearing along the fault plane,[4] imbricate thrust stacks, fensters and klippes.

The concept was developed by Marcel Alexandre Bertrand, who unraveled the complex tectonic history of the Alps and identified the feature as nappe de charriage.

He reinterpreted earlier studies by Arnold Escher von der Linth and Albert Heim in the Glarus Alps.

These forces frequently result in high temperature and pressure metamorphism and strong deformation of nappe rocks.

It is considered that such characteristics may be achieved at significantly less extreme conditions in the clayey rocks or evaporites, which can then act as tectonic lubricants.

Gravitational spreading, possibly accompanied by an initial phase of diapirism, is generated by large heat flow that causes detachment in a hinterland.