Neodesha /niːˈoʊdəʃeɪ/ is a city in Wilson County, Kansas, United States.

[4] The first settlers in the area that would eventually become Neodesha established a trading post in October 1867 to the northwest of the present town.

They were allowed by the Osage Native Americans to establish a trading post on the Osage Diminished Reserve because the nearest trading post was over thirty miles away.

After the Drum Creek Treaty had been signed by the Osage tribe in September 1870 and the tribe moved to Indian Territory, it opened the way for settlers to move to the area.

Neodesha was incorporated March 2, 1871 and the original plat was filed with the U.S. Land Office in July 1871.

[8] In 1943, German and Italian prisoners of World War II were brought to Kansas and other Midwest states as a means of solving the labor shortage caused by American men serving in the war effort.

Fort Riley established 12 smaller branch camps, including Neodesha.

[11] The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters.

[12] The 2020 United States census counted 2,275 people, 971 households, and 577 families in Neodesha.

36.5% of households consisted of individuals and 15.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.

32.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.

33.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older.

The community is served by Neodesha USD 461 public school district.