Putilov came from a family of minor nobility, he was born in the village of Yevryukhino in the Borisov district.
Putilov graduated from the Sea Cadet Corps in 1840 and remained at this college as a mathematics teacher.
During the Crimean War Putilov came to the notice of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich as an excellent organiser and set up a workshop for building steam machinery, boilers and propellers for gunboats and other warships.
Putilov was rewarded for these achievements by being promoted in rank to Court Counsellor with the appointment as a senior officer on special assignments of the Shipbuilding Department), he was also awarded the Order of St. Stanislaus II class.
This plant was expanded and in 1872 was renamed the Putilov Factory, it became the largest producer of locomotives and rails in Russia.