However, other researchers have related nonmarket to the equally important societal institutions of civil society (also called community) and culture as well as to command economies, traditional exchange and non-profit organizations.
What would later be labeled the nonmarket referred to other macro institutions (i.e., the state, civil society and culture) that with their organizations and actors interchange and often conflict with interdependent market ones.
Particularly since the publication of The Great Transformation (Polanyi, 1944), the concepts of "non-economic," "social" and "nonmarket" have successively emerged to refer to the internal and external factors that assist markets, firms and other types of institutions and organizations to function efficiently and effectively as well as repair their failures.
This pursuit of efficiency depends on the existence of such institutions as private property and free contracting but, once the market system is set in motion by society, it operates autonomously in isolation from other societal subsystems.
In micro-economic analyses, nonmarket factors either amount to "givens" (e.g., property laws), are treated as "allocationally neutral" because applying to all firms in a particular industry (e.g., corporate tax rates) or are ignored because "nontradeable" (e.g., reputation).
Such factors allow many exchanges to take place even when pricing is difficult, money is inappropriate, markets are not available, property rights are unclear and insecure, and the pursuit of self-interest is insufficient to guarantee orderly transactions free of malfeasance and opportunism.
That is, under any economic, political, social or cultural system, all individuals and organizations are permanently subject to lapses from efficient, rational, law-abiding, virtuous or otherwise functional behavior.
Market "exit" as well as nonmarket "voice" and "loyalty"[7] are used by all organizations, and repair is enactable through these mechanisms even though institutional failure remains a constant occurrence through time and place.