He made his professional debut at the age of 19 in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A due to the suspension of first-choice Rodrigo Galatto, and kept a clean sheet in a 3–0 home win over Grêmio Barueri on 16 August 2009.

Neto agreed a deal to play for Italian club Fiorentina on 5 January 2011,[7] signing the contract three days later for a €3.5 million transfer fee split into three payments and Atlético-PR retaining 25% of his economic rights.

He made his continental debut in their run to the last 16 of the UEFA Europa League, playing nine games; this started with a 2–1 win at Grasshopper Zürich in the play-off on 22 August and concluded with elimination by rivals Juventus in March 2014.

[20] In his second season with the club, Neto made his UEFA Champions League debut on 7 December 2016, in Juventus's final group match, keeping a clean sheet in a 2–0 home win over Dinamo Zagreb.

[21] Although he served as a back-up to Gianluigi Buffon in the league, he was the team's starting goalkeeper in the Coppa Italia, featuring in all their matches including the 2–0 victory over Lazio in the final on 17 May 2017.

[25] While Neto was the first-choice goalkeeper in both of his league seasons at the Mestalla Stadium, Jaume Doménech played all the Copa del Rey games including the 2–1 win over Barcelona in the 2019 final.

[27] He made his debut on 10 December in a 2–1 win at Inter Milan at the end of the Champions League group stage, with manager Ernesto Valverde resting most of his key players.

[35] He remained first choice until suffering a hamstring injury on 24 October in the 2–0 loss at West Ham United, with Travers replacing him at half time;[36] he returned on 14 January 2023 for a defeat by the same score away to Brentford, and was praised by manager Gary O'Neil for recovering ahead of schedule.

[39] In September 2010, 21-year-old Neto had his first call-up for the Brazil national football team under manager Mano Menezes, who chose several new young players with an eye to the 2012 Olympic tournament.

[44] Neto was one of seven stand-by players named by Dunga for the senior team at the 2015 Copa América,[45] but was eventually called into the main squad after a knee injury to Diego Alves.