It includes the modern-day Afghanistan, Pakistan, north-western India, and the Tibet Autonomous Region of China.

[7] Greek invasions of Northwestern South Asia over 2,000 years ago produced the Indo-Greek Kingdom and a syncretised culture.

Sindh was the first region in the subcontinent to be conquered by Muslims, falling to the Umayyad Caliphate in the first Islamic century.

[10] Buddhism vanished from the region during Muslim rule, prompted by persecution and conversions.

[11] The end of colonial rule in the region saw most Indian Muslims in Northwestern South Asia become part of the new nation of Pakistan during the 1947 Partition of India.