October 9 Revolution

Prominent events in the revolution include the uprising of the Spanish garrison in the city of Guayaquil (formed essentially by the Cuzco Reserve Grenadier regiment) and the control of the Pacific by the Liberating Expedition of Peru, under the command of José de San Martín.

The liberating army included Ecuadorians from the Inter-Andean and Coastal regions, Granadans from Venezuela, Colombia, Peruvians and Spaniards who were supporters of the cause.

The troops sent by the Viceroy of Peru, José Fernando de Abascal y Sousa, on whom the Real Audiencia of Quito depended at the time, put an end to the popular resistance on November 8, 1810.

Also, the advent of José de San Martín's expedition to liberate Peru from Chile together with Lord Thomas Cochrane's naval campaigns blockading the main ports of the South Pacific, such as Callao and Guayaquil, weakened the Spanish forces of the Quito Audiencia.

The main reason for these events was the alcabala taxes imposed on the entire Viceroyalty of Peru for the Criollos, exempting the indigenous people.

Their actions mirrored the sentiments of many in Spain who were rejecting the new French administration and constituting themselves as sovereign boards loyal to Ferdinand VII.

[4] The Quito revolution took place on August 10, 1809, with the installation of the president Marquis of Selva Alegre, who recognized King Ferdinand VII as the only legitimate authority.

Bolívar, one of the most prominent leaders of South American emancipation, began the wars of independence in the Captaincy General of Venezuela, also extending to the Viceroyalty of New Granada.

The proclamation of the birth of Gran Colombia and the presence of the independence armies near its borders, made the royalist forces in the Real Audiencia of Quito mobilize and several sectors were left unprotected.

[10][11] On the night of Sunday, October 1, and after the meeting to which the most prestigious families of the city were invited, the host José de Villamil gathered the guests that he and Antepara considered vital for the triumph of emancipation.

[9] On Monday, October 2, both Escobedo and Peña, who were respectively leaders of the "Granaderos de Reserva del Cuzco" and "Milicias" battalions, ratified their adherence to the independence cause, met at Villamil's house.

Even though they saw their attempts to fold the soldiers of the "Artillery Squad" and those of the "Daule" cavalry battalion in favor of the cause, since their leaders were Spanish, they did not rule out the possibility of convincing their members, through the intervention of sergeants Álvarez Vargas and Pavón, supporters of the cause.

On Wednesday, October 4, Ximena, who despite sympathizing with emancipatory ideas, excuses herself and rejects Villamil's proposal because she owes her education to the crown, being himself of noble descent, for which he actively participates as leader of the movement, was seen by him as a betrayal to the land of his elders to the country in which he followed the arms race.

[12] On Friday, October 6, Villamil spoke with Francisco Loro, co-owner of the schooner "Alcance" with Manuel Antonio de Luzárraga, asking him to slightly delay the ship's departure to Panama, pending the outcome of the action that is about to be carried out.

This is how he asked him to delay the departure of Loro, who was the captain of the ship so that he could attend the reception that he would give at his home on October 8, to celebrate his appointment as Attorney General.

[4] Some concern was felt among the independentistas, on Saturday, October 7, due to the rumor that Father Querejasú of the Church of San Francisco had alerted Don Pascual Vivero about the revolution in the making.

This fact separated the plotters into two bands; the first in favor of carrying out the revolution as quickly as possible, and the second, inclined to wait for a more propitious occasion after things calm down.

After the harangue, the revolution speeded up its march, and it was decided to hold a final meeting on Sunday the 8th at Villamil's house in the afternoon, taking advantage of the reception offered on that day.

After a few moments they learned that a war meeting had been held at Governor Vivero's house, it was decided to take measures in case the rumors had any foundation, so the squad was formed on the boardwalk.

These and the foreign heroes joined in a Lodge of Occasion called Fragua de Vulcano, gathered in the Campaign Temple in the house of Villamil, who gave the name by which the Guayaquil deed would be remembered.

[14] However, the officers who had folded in favor of the movement were Gregorio Escobedo and Hilario Álvarez from the Granaderos, Damián Nájera from the Artillery Brigade, José Peña from the Urban Militias battalion, and finally Sergeants Vargas and Pavón from the Daule cavalry with which 70% of the troops in the square were assured.

[16] They would not worry about the men of the torpedo boats captained by Joaquín Villalba, since they had been outside the port the day before, and there was an opportunity to solve this problem if the revolution was crowned with success.

Febres Cordero, owner of the keys to the Torres Valdivia park, went to the Granaderos, where, with 50 men, he went to the Artillery Brigade, and after surprising and locking up the guard officer, he seized the premises.

[14][16] After this action, the Venezuelan captain Luis Urdaneta sent the commander Matías Tirapeguí, who had folded in favor of the movement, towards the Las Cruces Battery, with half of the cavalry squadron, with the purpose of taking it.

[4] The last fire took place in the house of Colonel Benito García del Barrio, first chief of the Reserve Grenadier Battalion, who was arrested by Lieutenant Hilario Álvarez while he was sleeping.

Upon his return, Villamil took carbines and ammunition, as well as Colonel Luzuriaga to command the army of Guayaquil, as San Martín's support for the revolution.

Sucre signed an agreement between the Guayaquil government and placed his troops in Samborondón and Babahoyo to block the royalists from entering the province.

Napoleon on his imperial throne, by Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres , 1806
José de Antepara
Official bust of King Ferdinand VII of Spain , by Francisco Elías Vallejo (San Fernando Royal Academy of Fine Arts, Madrid)
Territorial extension of the Free Province of Guayaquil later integrated into Gran Colombia .