Olivier Pain (April 1845 – 15 November 1884) was a French journalist and Communard notable for his escape from New Caledonia alongside Henri Rochefort, and for travelling to the Sudan during the Mahdist War.

During the Bloody Week, the military assault which ended the Commune, he was wounded at a water tower barricade, but managed to escape before being arrested in Rouen on 27 July 1871.

Eventually, in 1874, these three prisoners, alongside two others, managed to escape New Caledonia by swimming to a whaling boat which allowed them to board, then fleeing to Australia and splitting up: Pain and Rochefort travelled to the United States and then London, arriving on 18 June 1874.

Bluffing his way into Plevna without a firman from the Ottoman Sultan giving him permission to be there, Pain managed to befriend Osman Nuri Pasha, and was present in the city throughout the siege and at its capture by the Russians, as a consequence spending the rest of the war imprisoned.

With letters of introduction and travel help from Jamāl al-Dīn al-Afghānī, Pain was the only one of a party of other radicals including James O'Kelly to make it to the Sudan (the others being arrested),[4] arriving at El Obeid on 15 August 1884.