Also binding site and catalytic site.Also sex chromosome, heterochromosome, or idiochromosome.Also differential splicing or simply splicing.Also tRNA-ligase.Also aminoacylated tRNA and charged tRNA.Also antisense transcript and antisense oligonucleotide (ASO).Also anuclear.Also compound X.
cisternaeAlso sense strand, positive (+) sense strand, and nontemplate strand.Also copy DNA.Also confluency.Also canonical sequence.Also contact inhibition of growth or density-dependent inhibition.Also cooperative binding.Also CG island and C-G island.Also CG site and C-G site.Also CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing.(pl.)
cristaeAlso cross-link.Also carboxyl terminus.Also C-value paradox.Also protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis.Also hyaloplasm and groundplasm.
Denoted in shorthand with the somatic number n.Also inheritance.Also histone octamer and core particle.Also homeodomain responsive element.Also homologs or homologues.Also lateral gene transfer (LGT).Sometimes used interchangeably with lipophilic.
Also ideogram.Also insertion element or simply insert.Also intrinsic membrane protein.Also transmembrane protein.Also interphase II.Also intragenic region.
A
ribose
ring with the carbon atoms numbered 1' through 5' according to chemical convention. The
5' carbon
is said to be
upstream
; the
3'
carbon
is said to be
downstream
. Bonds to a generic
base
and a
phosphate
group are also shown.
Every
amino acid
has the same basic structural formula, consisting of a central carbon atom (α) bonded to three major substituents: one
amino group
(blue), one
carboxyl group
(red), and one variable
side chain
(green). The side chain, which can range from a simple
methyl
group (
alanine
) to more complex functional groups such as a double-ringed
indole
(
tryptophan
), gives each particular amino acid its unique identity. During
translation
, amino acids are joined into a linear chain by condensation reactions which create
peptide bonds
between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of an adjacent amino acid. The first and last amino acids in the chain are said to be
N-terminal
and
C-terminal
, respectively, in reference to the unbonded amino group of the first amino acid and the unbonded carboxyl group of the last.
The
apical constriction
of specific groups of cells during developmental morphogenesis allows bends and turns to form in higher-order tissues.
The three principal biologically active conformations of
DNA
molecules:
A-DNA
,
B-DNA
, and
Z-DNA
(left to right), as viewed from the side and down the axis of the
double helix
.
Cross-sectional diagram of a typical eukaryotic
cell membrane
Possible types of information transfer according to the
central dogma of molecular biology
. Three general transfers, in red, occur routinely in all living cells: DNA-to-DNA (
DNA replication
), DNA-to-RNA (
transcription
), and RNA-to-protein (
translation
). Three special transfers, in blue, are known to occur only in viruses or in the laboratory: RNA-to-RNA (
RNA replication
), RNA-to-DNA (
reverse transcription
), and DNA-to-protein (direct translation without an mRNA intermediate). An additional three transfers are believed not to be possible at all: protein-to-protein, protein-to-RNA, and protein-to-DNA—though it has been argued that there are exceptions by which all three can occur.
Deoxyribose
differs from
ribose
only at the 2' carbon, where ribose has an oxygen atom that deoxyribose lacks (hence its name).
