The current Pöide Church building is believed to be constructed on the remains of an earlier chapel dating from the 13th century.
After the conquest of Saaremaa in 1227, the eastern part of the island belonged to the Livonian Order, who built a fortress at Pöide as their headquarters during the second half of the 13th century.
These include the tombstone of a headless knight, Heinrich von Schulmann, a nobleman from nearby Tumala estate, who was executed in 1613 (during the Danish reign) in Copenhagen for being politically connected with the Swedish authorities.
Today, a small Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church congregation is active, with about 30 members.
On 28 July 2006 the first Roman Catholic wedding was held in Pöide church since the Reformation era.