Papyrus 23

Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been assigned to the early 3rd century.

[2] There has been noticed the occurrence of the ungrammatical αποσκιασματος found also in Codex Sinaiticus and Vaticanus in James 1:17.

[3][4][5] The Greek text of this codex is considered a representative of the Alexandrian text-type (or rather proto-Alexandrian).

Biblical scholar Kurt Aland placed it in Category I of his New Testament manuscript classification system.

[3] The manuscript displays the greatest textual agreement with codices Sinaticus (א), Alexandrinus, and Ephraemi, which represent the best text of the Catholic epistles, and then with Codex Vaticanus and 𝔓74.