[4] Although once constituting a single, greater Vughonu area;[5] current residents of northern Pare recognise two sub-areas based on ethnolinguistic differences: Gweno-speaking Ugweno to the north and Chasu-speaking Usangi to the south.

[citation needed] The Pare are traditionally highly organised in terms of compulsory community work towards sustainable and inclusive development through a philosophy referred to as msaragambo.

[18] It is the disruption of the Shana rule that led to miscommunication of history from modern-day communities and misinterpretations of the region and its inhabitants among early European adventurers and historians.

In order to extend the kingdom over the entire plateau of North Pare, he established a hierarchy of councils, appointed a sizable number of subordinate officials, and then dispatched his sons to govern the various districts.

There are hints that the Bwambo brought the various groups that had settled close to the Shengena (the highest peak in Pareland) together into a single clan (via the initiation grove or mshitu).

Eventually, a state ritual emphasizing territorial boundaries over kinship was adopted by a ruler named Nguta, who ruled the Bwambo country eight generations ago.

[24] The rivals of Nguta and Mwejikongo were alarmed by their victories, as they were at that point attaining ceremonial dominance due to rain-making and kuhoja, the paranormal ability to shield people, domestic animals, and crops from illnesses and other disasters.

As a result, the recently established Kizungo kingdom in Middle Pare dispatched a man named Isagho to Mbaga to ask the rain-making ruler, Novu, for assistance.

It had continued the centralization process inside its borders by appointing members of the ruling family to serve as district rulers and establishing a "bureaucracy" of commoners at the court, which were methods first employed in Ugweno much earlier.

As a result, in order to complete their initiation rites, the Wambaga ruling clan's members and their devoted followers in Usangi had to travel to South Pare.

[41] Prior to 1800, the Pare people possessed market systems that made it possible for both members of their own society and outsiders to engage in different kinds of trade.

It is likely that there was a link between this rivalry and the growth of long-distance trade from the coast to the interior of the Pangani river basin, though more research in Kilimanjaro is required to confirm this.

Coastal traders were attempting to establish connections with Pare Mountains political elites by arming them with weapons that would enable them to launch raids on other communities and seize captives for commercial purposes.

Evidence of Swahili and Arab traders can be found throughout Upare, with the exception of the chiefdom of Mamba in South Pare, which was shielded from the outside world until almost the end of the period.

[49] This generalization is corroborated by the fact that the districts and chiefdom of Mamba in South Pare remained intact over the course of the time, despite the late entry of coastal and Shambaa traders.

Von der Decken met Msuskuma in 1862; he was a trader from Wanga, a coastal town, and he was in charge of an expedition with "two wives and thirty well-dressed and well-equipped men."

Rebmann traveled to that area in 1848 under the guidance of Bwana Kheri, a well-travelled caravan leader who had led multiple trips from Mombasa to Kilimanjaro and even farther afield to Arusha, Iramba, Ugogo, Ukimbu, and Unyamwezi.

An impromptu market was held after caravans would call for Pare sellers from the mountains by emitting a familiar sound, such as a gunshot in the nineteenth century, upon arrival at the various camping-stations.

The chiefdom of Chome in South Pare, where more political power had been left in the hands of clan leaders due to an emphasis on the ritual functions of the ruler, was the worst example of this type of decline.

[62] Therefore, the economic rivalry did not lead to fragmentation; rather, it provided a chance for some commoners to band together into armed groups and conduct slave raids both inside and outside of their own chiefdom.

Thirdly, the Germans had access to people who could be utilized for district administration in the same manner as the coastal Arab and Swahili akidas thanks to the Shambaa colonies on the Pare plains.

Nevertheless, a treaty signed in 1885 between Mangi Rindi of Moshi and Karl Jühlke, a friend of Carl Peters, placed the entire Pangani hinterland under German control.

Commander Dr. Rochus Schmidt was dispatched by Captain H. von Wissmann, the imperial commissioner in German East Africa in 1890, to maintain the caravan route and "pacify" the nation's interior.

It is thought that Captain Johannes, a friend of Wissmann's, went to Usangi and gathered the Wambaga and Wasangi chiefs, giving them orders to coexist peacefully in their separate territories.

They could hardly afford another Abushiri war in the interior due to German colonial policy, and they lacked the manpower and the time to travel to the mountains and confirm these claims.

[73] However, early in August 1892, the second German military expedition to Kilimanjaro, led by Deputy Governor Colonel Fredrich von Schele, passed through the region while they were in Butu.

Magwero was able to convince Johannes, who was now in charge of the Moshi station, to come to But in order to try Sangiwa and Makoko for killing his father and mother during the raids that preceded the German intervention with the help of Marealle of Marangu.

As documented in archival sources and oral histories, the alteration of post-colonial land management in the North Pare Mountains had an effect on environmental conditions.

An older infrastructure of irrigation furrows, stone-lined terraces and sacred forests lies alongside these newer technologies and shows that the Pare landscape has been carefully managed for centuries.

[90] Pare men typically wear a pendant earring, complemented by additional accessories such as bracelets, necklaces, a long pipe, a bamboo snuff box, a knife in the belt, a bow, a leather quiver filled with arrows, and occasionally, a spear.