A peineta is a large female head ornament held to the hair by a row of teeth and usually worn under a mantilla, or lace covering the head.

It is used today primarily during special occasions such as weddings, bullfights, Holy Week processions, and traditional performances of flamenco music.

Between the mid-1820s and the mid-1830s, the fashion for a new type of headpiece known as peinetón—derived from the Spanish peineta—became widespread among elite women in the Río de la Plata cities of Buenos Aires and Montevideo, and had a great impact on the society of the time.

The mantilla is also a common element of some Valencian and Andalusian costumes.

In some countries, such as Chile, it is known as peinetas a los peines, while in the Philippines it is referred to as payneta, often much smaller than its Iberian ancestor and may be bejewelled or made of gold.