[1][7] The condition may cause chronic pain, such as a constant dull ache, which can be worsened by standing or sex.

The pain is worse at the end of the day and after long periods of standing, and those affected get relief when they lie down.

56% of women manifest cystic changes to the ovaries,[9] and many report other symptoms, such as dysmenorrhea, back pain, vaginal discharge, abdominal bloating, mood swings or depression, and fatigue.

[8] Some research has suggested that transvaginal duplex ultrasound is the best test for pelvic venous reflux.

[11] Early treatment options include pain medication using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs,[8] and suppression of ovarian function.