These sensations can manifest in different forms, including kinetic, kinesthetic, or exteroceptive perceptions, and are commonly experienced by almost all PES patients.

[4] Some cases have highlighted the prevalence of Phantom Eye Pain (PEP) in PES, with rates as high as 47% reported.

[10] This study suggests that preoperative and postoperative pain may be an important co-factor for somatosensory reorganization and the development of phantom experiences.

[4] Rates of PVS range from 30% to 48% in eye amputated patients with the episodic nature of hallucinations persisting for at least 2 years post-surgery.

[11] Enucleation of an eye and, similarly, retinal damage, leads to a cascade of events in the cortical areas receiving visual input.

While the exact nature of this relationship is complex, studies suggest that elevated anxiety levels may precede the onset of PES, particularly phantom eye pain (PEP).

Understanding and addressing anxiety in these patients may help alleviate distress associated with PES and improve overall well-being during the post-operative period.

[5] Possible drug therapy treatments for phantom eye syndrome can incorporate antidepressants, anticonvulsants, sodium channel blockers, N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists, and opioids.

[4] Overall, the literature promotes treatment that focuses on increasing quality of life through addressing personalized emotional and physical phantom eye syndrome stressors.