Philéas Lebesgue (26 November 1869 – 11 October 1958) was a French essayist, translator, poet, novelist, literary critic, and editor of Mercure de France.

After studying Latin, English, and Greek in college, Lebesgue went on to learn additional languages and wrote his first poems.

Philéas Lebesgue studied at least sixteen foreign languages, including German, English, Danish, Spanish, Galician, Welsh, Greek, Italian, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, Russian, Serbo-Croatian, Slovenian, and Czech.

[2] In addition to being a novelist, songwriter, playwright, literary critic, columnist, and translator, Lebesgue also served as mayor of La Neuville-Vault from 1908 to 1947.

In 1911, he joined the French Celtic League, founded by poet Robert Pelletier, to challenge the "misconceptions" about the Latin character of France.