Designed in the 1980s by UK Treasury economist Stephen Littlechild, it has been applied to all privatised British network utilities.
[2] Price-cap regulation is sometimes called "CPI - X", (in the United Kingdom "RPI-X") after the basic formula employed to set price caps.
[3] In August 2022, the energy price cap was raised to £3,549 which would have pushed 8.2 million people into fuel poverty in October 2022 until March 2023.
Particularly in the telecommunications industry, many Asian countries are implementing some form of price cap on their newly privatised operators.
In Australia, the preferred form of price regulation for utilities is the CPI-X regime.
To prevent them from abusing their market power, governments around the world regulate how much airports may charge to airlines.
The single-till approach typically leads to lower charges to airlines, which better controls airport market power.