The one time pad, a cipher used by spies during the Cold War, uses a sequence of random keys for encryption.
These keys can be securely exchanged using quantum entangled particle pairs, as the principles of the no-cloning theorem and wave function collapse ensure the secure exchange of the random keys.
The development of devices that can transmit quantum entangled particles is a significant scientific and engineering goal.
[citation needed] Qiskit, Cirq and Q Sharp are popular quantum programming languages.
In 1994, mathematician Peter Shor introduced a quantum algorithm for prime factorization that, with a quantum computer containing 4,000 logical qubits, could potentially break widely used ciphers like RSA and ECC, posing a major security threat.