[8] The Crown banned "loyal" pro-Catholic texts in Quechua, such as Garcilaso de la Vega's Comentarios Reales.

[16] Despite a brief revival of the language immediately after the Latin American nations achieved independence in the 19th century, the prestige of Quechua had decreased sharply.

[19][20][21] In 2017 the first thesis defense done in Quechua in Europe was done by Peruvian Carmen Escalante Gutiérrez at Pablo de Olavide University (Sevilla).

[26] The major obstacle to the usage and teaching of Quechua languages is the lack of written materials, such as books, newspapers, software, and magazines.

In recent years, Quechua has been introduced in intercultural bilingual education (IBE) in Peru, Bolivia, and Ecuador.

In southern rural Bolivia, for instance, many Quechua words such as wawa (infant), misi (cat), waska (strap or thrashing), are as commonly used as their Spanish counterparts, even in entirely Spanish-speaking areas.

But, partially following later modifications by Torero, he reassigns part of Quechua II-A to Quechua I:[33] Ancash (Huaylas–Conchucos) Alto Pativilca–Alto Marañón–Alto Huallaga Yaru Wanka (Jauja–Huanca) Yauyos–Chincha (Huangáscar–Topará) Pacaraos Lambayeque (Cañaris) Cajamarca Lincha Laraos Kichwa ("Ecuadorian" or Highlands and Oriente) Chachapoyas (Amazonas) Lamas (San Martín) Ayacucho Cusco Puno (Collao) Northern Bolivian (Apolo) Southern Bolivia Santiago del Estero Landerman (1991) does not believe a true genetic classification is possible and divides Quechua II so that the family has four geographical–typological branches: Northern, North Peruvian, Central, and Southern.

[28] Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kunza, Leko, Mapudungun, Mochika, Uru-Chipaya, Zaparo, Arawak, Kandoshi, Muniche, Pukina, Pano, Barbakoa, Cholon-Hibito, Jaqi, Jivaro, and Kawapana language families due to contact.

[36] Quechua has borrowed a large number of Spanish words, such as piru (from pero, "but"), bwenu (from bueno, "good"), iskwila (from escuela, "school"), waka (from vaca, "cow") and wuru (from burro, "donkey").

These include wawa "baby, infant", chʼaki "hangover", misi "cat", jukʼucho "mouse", qʼumer uchu "green pepper", jaku "let's go", chhiri and chhurco "curly haired", among many others.

In Bolivian Quechua, -ri is added to verbs to signify an action is performed with affection or, in the imperative, as a rough equivalent to "please".

There is a possibility that the name Quechua was derived from *qiĉwa, the native word which originally meant the "temperate valley" altitude ecological zone in the Andes (suitable for maize cultivation) and to its inhabitants.

Monolingual speakers pronounce them as [æ, ɪ, ʊ] respectively, but Spanish realizations [ä, i, u] may also be found.

Until the 20th century, Quechua was written with a Spanish-based orthography, for example Inca, Huayna Cápac, Collasuyo, Mama Ocllo, Viracocha, quipu, tambo, condor.

This is the system preferred by the Academia Mayor de la Lengua Quechua, which results in the following spellings of the examples listed above: Inka, Wayna Qhapaq, Qollasuyu, Mama Oqllo, Wiraqocha, khipu, tampu, kuntur.

According to article 20 of the decree Decreto Supremo No 004-2016-MC, which approves regulations relative to Law 29735, published in the official newspaper El Peruano on July 22, 2016, adequate spellings of the toponyms in the normalized alphabets of the indigenous languages must progressively be proposed, with the aim of standardizing the spellings used by the National Geographic Institute (Instituto Geográfico Nacional, IGN) The IGN implements the necessary changes on the official maps of Peru.

Quechua also adds the suffix -kuna to the second and third person singular pronouns qam and pay to create the plural forms, qam-kuna and pay-kuna.

Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);Hintz discusses an interesting case of evidential behavior found in the Sihaus dialect of Ancash Quechua.

Chawrana-qaso:already-TOPpuntataruu-quat:the:peak-TOPtrayaruptin-qaarriving-TOPwamrata-qachild-TOPmayna-shialready-INDDiosninchi-qaour:God-TOPheqarkaykachishahad:taken:her:upsyelutana-shito:heaven:already-INDChawrana-qa puntataruu-qu trayaruptin-qa wamrata-qa mayna-shi Diosninchi-qa heqarkaykachisha syelutana-shiso:already-TOP at:the:peak-TOP arriving-TOP child-TOP already-IND our:God-TOP had:taken:her:up to:heaven:already-INDWhen she (the witch) reached the peak, God had already taken the child up into heaven.Evidentials can be used to relay different meanings depending on the context and perform other functions.

(Floyd 1999, p. 85) Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);The direct evidential affix is also seen in yes/no questions, similar to the situation with wh-questions.

ima-lla-shiwhat-LIM-HSYayka-lla-shhow^much-LIM-HSYjukonemachray-chrucave-LOCpuñu-ya-nsleep-IMPF-3pukaredwaakacowima-lla-shi ayka-lla-sh juk machray-chru puñu-ya-n puka waakawhat-LIM-HSY how^much-LIM-HSY one cave-LOC sleep-IMPF-3 red cow(Floyd 1999, p. 142) Unknown glossing abbreviation(s) (help);In certain grammatical structures, the evidential marker does not appear at all.

A passage from Weber (1986) summarizes them: Evidentials also show that being precise and stating the source of one's information is extremely important in the language and the culture.

[67] As in the case of the pre-Columbian Mesoamerica, there are a number of Andean texts in the local language which were written down in Latin characters after the European conquest, but which express, to a great extent, the culture of pre-Conquest times.

For example, Quechua poems thought to date from Inca times are preserved as quotations within some Spanish-language chronicles dealing with the pre-Conquest period.

From the post-conquest period (starting from the middle of the 17th century), there are a number of anonymous or signed Quechua dramas, some of which deal with the Inca era, while most are on religious topics and of European inspiration.

More texts of this type were published until the middle of the 17th century, mostly adhering to a Quechua literary standard that had been codified by the Third Council for this purpose.

Demetrio Túpac Yupanqui wrote a Quechuan version of Don Quixote,[23] under the title Yachay sapa wiraqucha dun Qvixote Manchamantan.

Notable musical groups are Los Kjarkas, Kala Marka, J'acha Mallku, Savia Andina, Wayna Picchu, Wara, Alborada, Uchpa, and many others.

[76] In the 1977 science fiction film Star Wars, the alien character Greedo speaks a simplified form of Quechua.

[77] The first-person shooter game Overwatch 2 features a Peruvian character, Illari, with some voice lines being in Quechua.