R genes protein syntheses are a way of identifying the pathogen effectors and stop their infection throughout the plant system.
All these R proteins play roles in detecting and recognizing pathogen effectors, initiating multiple signal transductions inside the plant cell, these signals transductions will lead to different responses that will aid in pathogen destruction and prevention of further infection.
R genes synthesize proteins that will aid with the recognition of pathogenic effectors: This receptor is often composed of leucine-rich repeats (LRRs).
The ability of PRRs to recognize various pathogenic components relies on a regulatory protein called brassinosteroid insensitive 1 –associated receptor kinase (BAK1).
Pectin has abundant galacturonic acids which is the compound that WAKs recognizes after a foreign invasion in the plant.
The activation of NLRs is yet to be completely understood, according to current studies suggest that it is subject to multiple regulators (dimerization or oligomerization, epigenetic and transcriptional regulation, alternative splicing, and proteasome-mediated regulation) Despite all these differences NLRs, PRRs, WAKs, effector trigger immunity (ETI) and PAMP-triggered immunity (PTI) there are certain similarities such as in the mechanism of signal transduction which includes mitogen-protein kinase (MAPK) cascades through phosphorylation which will be, calcium ion signaling.
ETI is a much faster and amplified system than PTI and it develops onto the hypersensitive response (HR) leading the infected host cell to apoptosis.
Successful pathogens evolve changes in their chemical conformation in order to avoid detection by PRRs and WAKs.
Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) uses a different protein called 2b (Pfam PF03263) which is also a suppressor of PTGS in Nicotiana benthamiana.
Every advance in techniques of sequencing and transfer has eased this process, progressively requiring less linkage drag, expense, and laboratory work over time.