Rostislav Petera (15 September 1909 – 21 July 1980) was a Czechoslovak catholic politician.
Petera was a member of the catholic Czechoslovak People's Party.
From 1969 to 1971 and from 1976 to 1980 he was a member of the Federal Assembly of Czechoslovakia.
In 1970 he became the general secretary of the Czechoslovak People's Party and in 1973 Petera was elected - as the successor of Antonín Pospíšil - the chairman of the party.
From 1973 to 1980 he was minister without portfolio in the Czechoslovak government.