Russification of Poles during the Partitions

The self-will of Grand Duke Konstantin and the infraction of the Constitution of the Kingdom of Poland, together with the rise of secret societies, led to the November Uprising (1830–1831).

[1] The intensification of Russification occurred after the aforesaid uprising failed, leading to the abolishment of the Constitution of 1815 (granting the Kingdom of Poland national autonomy).

In 1837, Polish voivodeships, forming the administrative division of the Kingdom, were renamed to governates, reflecting the Imperial Russian model.

The symbolic figure behind the Russification was Governate-General of the Warsaw Military District, Alexander Apukhtin, who inter alia introduced the education of skilled informers and the double-crossing of students, which became fundamental to the policing in schools.

Until World War I, the Kingdom of Poland was beset by "extraordinary rights", by which the Governate-General had the authority to bring any civil individual to trial at a military court, or send them into the Russian Far East if they are deemed a "political suspect".

[9][8] More radical Russification occurred in parts of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, that after the Partitions were not incorporated into the Kingdom of Poland and instead directly into the Russian Empire.

Between 1832 and 1834, by royal prerogative of Tsar Nicholas I, several thousand Polish families were expelled to Siberia from Wołyn and Podole.

The Roman Catholic Church saw further restrictions, with its landed wealth seized, after proclaiming support for the January Uprising.