The church building was commissioned in the 1570s by Don John of Austria, the victorious admiral during the Battle of Lepanto.
At present, the church is owned by the Archdiocese of Naples who lets a private non-profit music Foundation, the Centro di Musica Antica Pietà de' Turchini, founded in 1997 to highlight performances and research of Neapolitan 16th-18th century musical and theatrical works.
The nave ceiling was painted by Fedele Fischetti, depicting a Glory of Saint Catherine, and in the tribune, God the Father and the Evangelists, and in the lunettes above the altar, the Cardinal and Theologic virtues.
The main altarpiece depicts the Mystical Marriage of St Catherine by Lorenzo De Caro.
The first chapel on the left has canvases by Fischetti, including the Virgin, Magadalen, and St Catherine Hold a Drape for the Miracle of the Painting of Soriano and a Noli me tangere.