Settler colonialism
[12] Although often credited with originating the field, Australian historian Patrick Wolfe stated that "I didn't invent Settler Colonial Studies.
"[13] Additionally, Wolfe's work was preceded by others that have been influential in the field, such as Fayez Sayegh's Zionist Colonialism in Palestine and Settler Capitalism by Donald Denoon.
[22] The settler colonial paradigm has been applied to a wide variety of conflicts around the world, including New Caledonia,[23] Western New Guinea,[24] the Andaman Islands, Argentina,[25] Australia, British Kenya, the Canary Islands,[26] Fiji, French Algeria,[27] Generalplan Ost, Hawaii,[28] Hokkaido, Ireland,[29] Israel/Palestine, Italian Libya and East Africa,[30][31] Kashmir,[32][33] Korea and Manchukuo,[34][35] Latin America, Liberia, New Zealand, northern Afghanistan,[36][37][38][39] North America, Posen and West Prussia and German South West Africa,[40] Rhodesia, Sápmi,[41][11][page needed][42] [43] South Africa, South Vietnam,[44][45][46] and Taiwan.
[7][47] During the fifteenth century, the Kingdom of Castile sponsored expeditions by conquistadors to subjugate under Castilian rule the Macaronesian archipelago of the Canary Islands, located off the coast of Morocco and inhabited by the Indigenous Guanche people.
Beginning with the start of the conquest of the island of Lanzarote on 1 May 1402 and ending with the surrender of the last Guanche resistance on Tenerife on 29 September 1496 to the now-unified Spanish crown, the archipelago was subject to a settler colonial process involving systematic enslavement, mass murder, and deportation of the Guanches, who were replaced with Spanish settlers, in a process foreshadowing the Iberian colonisation of the Americas that followed shortly thereafter.
On 6 November 1975, the Green March took place, during which about 350,000 Moroccan citizens crossed into Saguia al-Hamra in the former Spanish Sahara after having received a signal from King Hassan II.
[50] Under international law, the transfer of Moroccan citizens into the occupied territory constitutes a direct violation of Article 49 of the Fourth Geneva Convention (cf.
The Dutch East India Company was set up at the Cape, and imported large numbers of slaves from Africa and Asia during the mid-seventeenth century.
[52] In 1948, the policy of Apartheid was introduced South Africa in order to segregate the races and ensure the domination of the Afrikaner minority over non-whites, politically, socially and economically.
[56][61] Attempts to assimilate the Indigenous peoples of what is now Canada were rooted in imperial colonialism centred around European worldviews and cultural practices, and a concept of land ownership based on the discovery doctrine.
[65] The early European interactions with First Nations would change from Peace and Friendship Treaties to dispossession of lands through treaties and displacement legislation such as the Gradual Civilization Act,[66] the Indian Act, [67] the Potlatch ban,[68] and the pass system,[69] that focused on European ideals of Christianity, sedentary living, agriculture, and education.
[72] In colonial America, European powers created economic dependency and imbalance of trade, incorporating Indigenous nations into spheres of influence and controlling them indirectly with the use of Christian missionaries and alcohol.
Despite initial victories in both cases, such as St. Clair's defeat or the siege of Detroit, both eventually lost, thereby paving the way for American control over the region.
[76][page needed] In 1928, Adolf Hitler spoke admiringly of the impact of white settler colonialism on the Natives, stating the US had "gunned down the millions of Redskins to a few hundred thousand, and now keep the modest remnant under observation in a cage".
[77] The practice of writing the Indigenous out of history perpetrated a forgetting of the full dimensions and significance of colonialism at both the national and local levels.
[78] This policy of settler colonialism was renewed by the People's Republic of China, led by Chinese Communist Party,[79][80] and is being practiced today according to some academics and researchers.
[94] In 1967, the French historian Maxime Rodinson wrote an article later translated and published in English as Israel: A Colonial Settler-State?,[95] but it was not until the 1990s that this viewpoint became more common in Israeli scholarship,[b][96] in part coinciding with increased support for a two state solution.
[c] Other commentators, such as Daiva Stasiulis, Nira Yuval-Davis,[99] and Joseph Massad have included Israel in their global analysis of settler societies.
[101][102] Scholar Amal Jamal, from Tel Aviv University, has stated, "Israel was created by a settler-colonial movement of Jewish immigrants".
[113] According to a PhD thesis by Lin-chin Tsai, current ethnic makeup of Taiwan is largely the result of Chinese settler colonialism beginning in the seventeenth century.
[115] The population declined steeply for 150 years following settlement from 1788, due to casualties from infectious disease, the Australian frontier wars and forced re-settlement and cultural disintegration.
[7] According to Chickasaw scholar Jodi Byrd, in contrast to settler, the term arrivant refers to enslaved Africans transported against their will, and to refugees forced into the Americas due to the effects of imperialism.
