Sexual repression
Sexual repression is often synonymous with internalized homophobia, in which a gay, lesbian, or bisexual person feels the need to suppress their own homosexual impulses and conform to heterosexual norms.
Sexual repression is enforced through legislation in certain countries, many of which are located in the Middle East and North Africa region, and South Asia.
[4] In contemporary society, medication may be prescribed to registered sex offenders in order to lower the libido and ensure that further offences are less likely.
[7] Chemical castration has also been practiced upon male choristers prior to puberty to ensure that their vocal range remained unchanged.
[13] The practice is concentrated in 27 countries in Africa as well as Iraqi Kurdistan, Yemen and Indonesia; and more than 125 million girls and women today are estimated to have been subjected to FGM.
[15] An honor killing is the homicide of a member of a family or social group by other members, due to the perpetrators' belief that the victim has brought shame or dishonor upon the family or community, usually for reasons such as refusing to enter an arranged marriage, being in a relationship that is disapproved by their relatives, having sex outside marriage, becoming the victim of rape, dressing in ways which are deemed inappropriate, or engaging in homosexual relations.
[citation needed] Researchers such as Peggy Reeves Sanday have proposed a relationship between sexual repression and rape.
[23] Evidence has been found to contradict this hypothesis, with a study by Jaffee and Straus finding "no relationship between sexually liberal attitudes and rape.
[27] Within the past few decades, China has undergone major changes (known as the sexual revolution) in society that have affected their outlook on sex.
Li Yinhe, China's first female sexologist, observed that prior to the sexual revolution, very few couples would engage in premarital sex.
According to Michael Zielenziger, Japan's lengthy work hours has led couples to spend less time with each other, have reduced contact, and therefore have less sex.
[31] Russian history of sexual repression and LGBT rights includes an oscillation of attitudes, caused by both governmental interference and changing societal norms.
Organizations and media such as Tema and The Moscow Association of Lesbian Literature and Arts, which focused on sexual liberation, were created and promoted the discussion of sex in Russian society.
[33][34] However, religious and conservative lobbying groups as well as the influence of neo-eugenics created push back on some other forms of birth control such as emergency contraception and tubal ligation.
Conservative lobbyist groups with ties to various religious powers such as the Vatican, originally were promoting limiting healthcare coverage of items such as birth control, and once RU-486 was made public knowledge, these groups actively worked to threaten Hoechst by claiming they would cause the company financial hardship if they did not cease all activity pertaining to RU-486.
[35] In terms of more permanent forms of birth control such as tubal ligation and hysterectomies, there has been a long history of eugenicists pushing for forced sterilization of non Anglo-Saxon or lower-class women.
However, neo-eugenics, which is the more modern iteration of the eugenics movement, additionally works to limit access of procedures of sterilization from those they deem "fit" to reproduce.
[36] During the late 1990s and the Bush administration (2000–2008) abstinence-only sex education groups were given considerable government funding to develop programming for schools.
Characteristics of comprehensive sex education include informing students on the forms of birth control and how to use them, and sexual anatomy.
