Arima Harunobu, a daimyō who followed the Christian faith, aligned himself with the eastern army during the Battle of Sekigahara, resulting in the preservation of his domains.

As a testament to Katsuie's brutality, there was a method of execution called "Mino Odori," where individuals who could not pay the yearly tax were dressed in a cloak and burned alive.

[7] The people's anger towards Katsuie's oppressive policies eventually erupted, leading to the Shimabara Rebellion of 1637, with Amakusa Shirō as the leader of the rebels seizing Hara Castle.

The rebel force was no match for the well-supplied shogunate army, which was also supported by a Dutch naval bombardment offshore, resulting in the rebellion's suppression three months later.

Conversely, Matsukura Katsuie also faced severe scrutiny for his role in precipitating the revolt through misgovernment, and he was beheaded after the rebellion was quelled.

This denial of the honorable punishment of seppuku and his execution by beheading as a common criminal exemplified the shogunate's grave view of the severity of his crimes.

[7] After Matsukura Katsuie, Kōriki Tadafusa, a long-time retainer of the Tokugawa clan, was transferred from Hamamatsu Domain and worked hard to restore the Shimabara region, which had been devastated by the rebellion.

The final daimyō , Matsudaira Tadakazu carried out military reforms due to the need to strengthen coastal defenses in 1863, but to a much lesser extent than neighbouring Saga Domain.

Shimabara has a warm climate, but is a volcanic region with poor soil, and it is said that the actual harvest yield for tax was less than the official kokudaka.