Additionally, the present tense has 2 different meanings depending on the aspect of a verb.
"I want to sell the cow" (compare this with the future tense To kravo bom prodal.
The stem is formed by adding a verbal suffix, which influences the aspect (raz-bij-e-m vs. raz-bij-a-m 'break'; the first one is perfective, the other one imperfective) and the conjugation.
Stem is then followed by the form suffix, e. g. -ti for long infinitive, -l for past active participle and -i for imperative.
There are also free morphemes, such as delati se 'pretend', lomiti ga 'make mistakes' or hoditi za 'love'.
In present indicative, verbs have mostly the same endings across all declensions, but those following accentual type II D, III, IV, and some following II A can also have a special stylistically marked ending in third person plural.
The special ending in third person plural are always acute, but otherwise do not change the accent, except for the lengthening of short vowels.
-ø-di-va -ø-di-ta -ø-di-mo -ø-di-te Verbs change accent in imperative based on the accent in infinitive and indicative, as well as where in the word the accent is: type čakȃjva čakȃjta čakȃjmo čakȃjte glẹ́di glẹ́diva glẹ́dita glẹ́dimo glẹ́dite bliskȃjva bliskȃjta blískȃjte bliskȃjte (vstánite) (vstánita) (vstánimo) (vstánite) (štẹjem) (štẹ̄j) (štẹ̑jva) (štẹ̑jta) (štẹ̑jmo) (štẹ̑jte) (bériva) (bérita) (bérimo) (bérite) zidȃjva zidȃjta zidȃjmo zidȃjte (skóčiva) (skóčita) (skóčimo) (skóčite) razumȋva razumȋta razumȋmo razumȋte (nósita) (nósita) (nósimo) (nósite) (cvə̀tem) cvə̀ti (cvə̀tiva) (cvə̀tita) (cvə̀timo) (cvə̀tite) povȅj Examples: There are two present active participles, which are used almost exclusively with imperfective verbs.
The accent is always on the final o or e. o is long close-mid, but can be short in masculine singular nominative form when it is used as an adjective.
(vzdihujẹ̄) Example: There are 2 verbal nouns: the infinitive (nedoločnik), which can be long or short and the supine (namenilnik).
The long infinitive is the basic verb form found in dictionaries, and ends in -ti.
In addition, accent in supine is in some accentual types different between perfective and imperfective verbs.
The accent is determined by the accentual type, as well as stem vowel and the position in a word: Verbs in -č-ø-i usually have short infinitive and supine in -č-ø-ø, but some dialects add -t at the end, which is also common in colloquial speech.
type (stȃnem) (-̍a-t) (-̍a-t) (-̍a-t) (-̍i-t) (-̍i-t) (-̍i-t) (stojím) Some verbs in -a-ti following accentual type II A, II C or III can follow two subpatterns, which are also present in participle in -l. The first subpattern has long accent in supine of imperfective verbs and masculine nominative singular form of participle in -l. The second subpattern transfers the accent to the syllable before and only exists in accentual types II C and III.
It is further split into two categories; the descriptive l-participle is used only for analytical forms and therefore can only exist in nominative case and always has to appear with an auxiliary verb.
A fill vowel (schwa, -e-) is inserted in the masculine singular form when attached to verbs with an infinitive stem ending in a consonant.
type present ə, or if all other forms but masculine singular have open-mid vowel, except if they have a consonant cluster tl/dl.
Verbs following accentual type II A colloquially prefer to have fixed accent.
Stative participles decline as regular hard adjectives with fixed accent and are compared periphrastically.
Both accentual type and stem affect the accent position, which is marked with ˈ in the following table.
All accents are long, except in -i-ti -i-m and es-ø-ti / os-ø-ti forms, as well as accentual type II D, which are short if marked.
-̍ø-ø-t* -̍ø-ø-t* -̍ø-ø-t* is-ø-ti ẹs-ø-ti ọs-ø-ti os-ø-ti When stem ending in a consonant is followed by j, it iotizes.
Gerund declines as a regular soft o-stem nouns following first neuter declension, but some can be singularia tantum.
verbs in -a-ti zidȃnje zidȃnja zidȃnje zidȃnja šivȃnje šivȃnja (spáti) (státi stȃnem) Three verbs, bīti, imẹ́ti, and hotẹ́ti have special negative forms in present indicative: nímam (styl.)
Only a few verbs also have an aorist, and all of these forms are considered obsolete as they cannot be understood by most people anymore.
However, in the dictionary form, lexical verb is first and then everything else, except in negative forms (e. g. naj bi bil delal → delal naj bi bil) The past (or preterite) indicative is used to indicate events that occurred in the past.
The verb biti (to be) has its own unique set of future tense forms, with the stem bo-.
For example: Dialectally, hoteti is used in future indicative as an auxiliary verb, followed by infinitive.
The present conditional is formed using the special particle bi, plus the l-participle of the lexical verb.
An additional kind of imperative, which may be called the optative or hortative, is formed by using the particle naj (ne) with the indicative or conditional.