Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute

It was founded in 1959 by Arthur Jampolsky and Alan B. Scott, when some members of Stanford University's Ophthalmology Department elected to stay in San Francisco rather than move to Palo Alto.

[1] The Institute did early experiments in sensory substitution, especially the substitution of tactile information for visual information to help blind people navigate[2] and other methods to obtain accessible technology.

[4] The institute's use of botulinum toxin in humans as a therapy to treat strabismus.

[5] Other impactful work involved Anthony Norcia's study of vision in infants[6] and Erich Sutter's invention of the multifocal electroretinogram and of the multifocal evoked potential.

[11][12] Over the decades, the Institute has hosted generations of vision scientists, including