The Soviet Union (USSR) competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy.

283 competitors, 233 men and 50 women, took part in 145 events in 17 sports.

Men's flyweight (– 51 kg) 13 male cyclists represented the Soviet Union in 1960.

21 fencers, 15 men and 6 women, represented the Soviet Union in 1960.

The Soviet Union had 25 male rowers participate in seven rowing events in 1960.