Affects such as sarcasm, contempt, dismissal, distaste, disgust, disbelief, exasperation, boredom, anger, joy, respect or disrespect, sympathy, pity, gratitude, wonder, admiration, humility, and awe are frequently conveyed through paralinguistic mechanisms such as intonation, facial expression, and gesture, and thus require recourse to punctuation or emoticons when reduced to writing, but there are grammatical and lexical expressions of affect as well, such as pejorative and approbative or laudative expressions or inflections, adversative forms, honorific and deferential language, interrogatives and tag questions, and some types of evidentiality.
[1] In many languages of Europe, augmentative derivations are used to express contempt or other negative attitudes toward the noun being so modified, whereas diminutives may express affection; on the other hand, diminutives are frequently used to belittle or be dismissive.
Polish has a range of augmentative and diminutive forms, which express differences in affect.
[2] In Japanese and Korean, grammatical affect is conveyed both through honorific, polite, and humble language, which affects both nouns and verbal inflection, and through clause-final particles that express a range of speaker emotions and attitudes toward what is being said.
For instance, when asked in Japanese if what one is eating is good, one might say 美味しい oishii "it's delicious" or まずい mazui "it's bad" with various particles for nuance: The same can be done in Korean: In English and Japanese, the passive of intransitive verbs may be used to express an adversative situation: 雨がame-garain-NOM降った。fut-tafall-PFV雨が 降った。ame-ga fut-tarain-NOM fall-PFVIt rained.雨にame-nirain-DAT降られた。fu-rare-tafall-PASS-PFV雨に 降られた。ame-ni fu-rare-tarain-DAT fall-PASS-PFVI was rained on.In some languages with split intransitive grammars, such as the Central Pomo language of California, the choice of encoding an affected verb argument as an "object" (patientive case) reflects empathy or emotional involvement on the part of the speaker:[3] ʔaː=tʼo1.AGT=butbéda=ht̪owhere=frombéː=yo-waway=go-PFVdá-ːʔ-du-wwant-REFL-IPFV-PFVtʃʰó-w.not-PFV.bédahereʔaːI.AGTqʼlá-w=ʔkʰe.die-PFV=FUT.ʔaː=tʼo béda=ht̪ow béː=yo-w dá-ːʔ-du-w tʃʰó-w. béda ʔaː qʼlá-w=ʔkʰe.1.AGT=but here=from away=go-PFV want-REFL-IPFV-PFV not-PFV.