Alternatively, a narrower definition includes the requirement that spiteful acts involve some degree of self-harm.
[3] In his 1929 examination of emotional disturbances, Psychology and Morals: An Analysis of Character, J.
A. Hadfield uses deliberately spiteful acts to illustrate the difference between disposition and sentiment.
[6] University of Washington researchers David K Marcus, Virgil Zeigler-Hill, Sterett H Mercer, and Alyssa L Norris were the first to develop a personality scale designed to measure and assess the trait of spitefulness which was published in 2014 in Psychological Assessment.
His motivation remains constantly spiteful, undercutting his own existence and ability to live.