In addition, large numbers of dogfish are harvested annually for consumption [2] and could provide sufficient tissue for extraction during the early stages of compound isolation and characterization.

[11] In the late 1990’s squalamine was discovered to exhibit antiangiogenic activity,[12][13] and as a consequence was later studied in several early stage clinical trials for both cancer,[14][15] age related macular degeneration, administered intravenously,[16][17] and as an eye-drop in combination with intraocular ranibizumab.

[21] In 2017, Perni et al reported that squalamine could displace alpha-synuclein from neuronal membranes both in vitro, in isolated cells, and in a C. elegans Parkinson disease model.

[22] Since alpha synuclein accumulates within the enteric, peripheral and central nervous system of individuals suffering from Parkinson’s disease where it forms toxic aggregates damaging or killing neurons,[23] squalamine emerged as a potential therapeutic.

[28] Both trials, conducted by Enterin, Inc (Philadelphia) demonstrated that a 28 day course of orally administered ENT-03 effectively corrected constipation that had been previously intractable.