Surface force

Surface force denoted fs is the force that acts across an internal or external surface element in a material body.

Surface force can be decomposed into two perpendicular components: normal forces and shear forces.

A normal force acts normally over an area and a shear force acts tangentially over an area.

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Block on a ramp and corresponding free body diagram of the block showing the surface force from the ramp onto the bottom of the block and separated into two components, a normal force N and a frictional shear force f , along with the body force of gravity mg acting at the center of mass .