[9] The theories about complexity help the management of an entire system, and the suggested design approaches help the planning of different divergent elements.
The complexity theories evolved on the basis that living systems continually draw upon external sources of energy and maintain a stable state of low entropy, on the basis of the General Systems Theory by Karl Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1968).
Treating productive organizations as complex adaptive systems allows for new management models that address economical, social and environmental benefits (Pisek and Wilson, 2001.
Strong interdisciplinary and transdisciplinarity approaches are critical during the design phase (Fuller, 1981)[17] with the increasing involvement of different disciplines, including urban planning, public policy, business management and environmental sciences (Chertow et al., 2004).
Numerous design projects demonstrate systemic design in their approach, including diverse topics involving food networks,[26] industrial processes and water purification, revitalization of internal areas through art and tourism,[27] circular economy,[28][29] exhibition and fairs, social inclusion, and marginalization.