Gunma Prefecture Takayama has a Humid continental climate (Köppen Dfb) characterized by warm summers and cold winters with heavy snowfall.

With the creation of the modern municipalities system after the Meiji Restoration on April 1, 1889, the village of Takayama was created within Agatsuma District of Gunma Prefecture.

Takayama has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral village council of 10 members.

Takayama, collectively with the other municipalities in Agatsuma District, contributes two members to the Gunma Prefectural Assembly.

In terms of national politics, the village is part of Gunma 5th district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.