[2] Per Japanese census data,[5] the population of Tatebayashi has recently plateaued after a long period of growth.

[6][7] Tatebayashi is located within traditional Kōzuke Province and has been settled since prehistoric times aTere is a continuous record of habitation from the Japanese Paleolithic period 20,000 years ago.

Tatebayashi Town was created within Ōra District, Gunma Prefecture on April 1, 1889 with the creation of the modern municipalities system after the Meiji Restoration.

Tatebayashi has a mayor-council form of government with a directly elected mayor and a unicameral city council of 18 members.

In terms of national politics, the city is part of Gunma 3rd district of the lower house of the Diet of Japan.