Tarsh

[5] The origin of ṭarsh, whether borrowed along with paper from China or invented independently in the Islamic world, is disputed.

Richard Bulliet, contrasting the rapid adoption of paper and the marginalization of printing in the Islamic world, suggests a separate origin for each and thus the indigenous development of ṭarsh.

The Semitic root ṭ-r-š (طرش) is related to deafness and ṭ-r-s (طرس) to writing (including the word for palimpsest), but an Egyptian origin has also been suggested.

[1]Two centuries later around 1232-1248 al-Jawbari seems to make mention of mass production of talismans, suggesting the printing process had become quite efficient.

[10] Blockprinting wasn't limited to talismans, as shown by the printed Hajj certificates of the Umayyad mosque dating from the 11th to the 14th centuries.

Printing the value of the denomination in the centre, with decorative Chinese characters on the border and, in red ink, the imperial seal.

Though shortly after the government rescinded its policy in wake of resistance by merchants and the general populace, leaving no surviving examples.

[13]There is physical evidence in some prints that ṭarsh were at times made by pouring molten tin in clay moulds.

"[14]That ṭarsh were sometimes carved or cast in Syriac and Hebrew ("phylactery-writing") is evidence that the prints were intended to impress illiterate people with their magical power rather than to be read.

These extensive highly detailed and elaborate decorative elements would've been very labor-intensive to carve and mark a major difference between handwritten and blockprinted amulets.