According to the 1541 Annales Bohemorum by chronicler Wenceslaus Hajek, the thermal springs are fabled to have been discovered as early as 762; however, the first authentic mention of the baths occurred in the 16th century.

In the late 15th century, queen consort Joanna of Rožmitál, wife of King George of Poděbrady, had a castle erected on the ruins.

Teplice figures in the history of the Thirty Years' War, when it was a possession of the Protestant Bohemian noble Vilém Kinský, who was assassinated together with Generalissimo Albrecht von Wallenstein in Cheb in 1634.

During the Napoleonic War of the Sixth Coalition, Teplice in August 1813 was the site where Emperor Francis I of Austria, Emperor Alexander I of Russia and King Frederick William III of Prussia first signed the triple alliance against Napoleon I of France that led to the coalition victory at the nearby Battle of Kulm.

Upon the dissolution of Austria-Hungary after World War I and the 1919 Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye, the predominantly German-speaking population found itself in newly established Czechoslovakia.

In 1938, Teplice was annexed by Nazi Germany according to the 1938 Munich Agreement and was administered as part of the Reichsgau Sudetenland.

[6][7] After World War II, the Czechoslovak government enacted the Beneš decrees, whereafter the German-speaking majority of the population was expelled from Teplice.

The thermal mineral springs were mentioned already in 1154, which makes the spa the oldest in the country and Central Europe.

[13] The city used to be nicknamed "Little Paris" and "Salon of Europe" for its spa architecture and cultural level until World War II, when it has been widely visited by prominent personalities including emperors, artists, scientists and celebrities.

The castle began to serve as a destination for walks and in the 19th century, a restaurant and the neo-Gothic extension were built.

[23] Fossils of an elasmosaurid plesiosaur (large carnivorous marine reptile from the Cretaceous period) were found near Teplice at the end of the 19th century.

In the village of Hudcov (a part of Teplice), plesiosaur Cimoliasaurus teplicensis was described in 1906 by Czech paleontologist Antonín Frič.