Theodor Schaefer (23 January 1904, in Telč – 19 March 1969, in Brno) was a Czech composer and pedagogue.
During 1922–1926, he studied composition with Jaroslav Kvapil and conducting with František Neumann at the Brno Conservatory.
He continued his music education at the Prague Conservatory where he studied composition under Vítězslav Novák (1926–1929).
In 1959, Schaefer became a professor of composition at the Janáček Academy of Music in Brno.
For several years he also conducted Brněnské orchestrální sdružení and Brno Radiojournal Ensemble.