Gilchrist–Thomas process

By allowing the exploitation of phosphorous iron ore, the most abundant, this process allowed the rapid expansion of the steel industry outside the United Kingdom and the United States.

The latter, being made of dolomite ((Ca,Mg)(CO3)2) fired with tar, is basic (MgO giving O2− anions), whereas the Bessemer lining, made of packed sand, is acidic (SiO2 accepting O2− anions) according to the Lux-Flood theory of molten oxides.

Phosphorus, by migrating from liquid iron to molten slag, allows both the production of a steel of satisfactory quality, and of phosphates sought after as fertilizer, known as "Thomas meal".

The disadvantages of the basic process includes larger iron loss and more frequent relining of the converter vessel.

After having favored the spectacular growth of the Lorraine iron and steel industry, the process progressively faded away in front of the Siemens-Martin Open-hearth furnace, which also used the benefit of basic refractory lining, before disappearing in the mid-1960s: with the development of gas liquefaction and the cryogenic separation of O2 from air, the use of pure oxygen became economically viable.