Time evolution of integrals

Within differential calculus, in many applications, one needs to calculate the rate of change of a volume or surface integral whose domain of integration, as well as the integrand, are functions of a particular parameter.

In physical applications, that parameter is frequently time t. The rate of change of one-dimensional integrals with sufficiently smooth integrands, is governed by this extension of the fundamental theorem of calculus: The calculus of moving surfaces[1] provides analogous formulas for volume integrals over Euclidean domains, and surface integrals over differential geometry of surfaces, curved surfaces, including integrals over curved surfaces with moving contour boundaries.

Let t be a time-like parameter and consider a time-dependent domain Ω with a smooth surface boundary S. Let F be a time-dependent invariant field defined in the interior of Ω.

The velocity of the interface C is the fundamental concept in the calculus of moving surfaces.

This law can be considered as the generalization of the fundamental theorem of calculus.

-derivative is the fundamental operator in the calculus of moving surfaces, originally proposed by Jacques Hadamard.

The first term in the above equation captures the rate of change in F while the second corrects for expanding or shrinking area.

The fact that mean curvature represents the rate of change in area follows from applying the above equation to

can be appropriately called the shape gradient of area.

An evolution governed by is the popular mean curvature flow and represents steepest descent with respect to area.

Suppose that the velocity of the contour γ with respect to S is c. Then the rate of change of the time dependent integral: is The last term captures the change in area due to annexation, as the figure on the right illustrates.