Both the Vijayaranagar Empire and Mysore Kingdom had begun to witness continual rule of kings.
The Mughal rulers had occupied most of North India, ravaging through Hindu kingdoms one after another.
To the empire's east was the Kalinga king Raja Purushottama Gajapati Kapilendra of Odisha.
This was also the time the Portuguese arrived in India, marking the beginning of onslaught of European invasions.
They began seizing ports from both the peripheries of southern India: present-day coastal Andhra and Karnataka.