Trans-regulatory element

[3] Hence, they have higher resistance to genetic divergence, yet retains its susceptibility to mutations in upstream regulators.

[3] This accentuates the significance of genetic divergence within species due to cis- and trans-regulatory variants.

[2][3] Other evolutionary models, such as the independent evolution of trans- or cis-regulatory elements, were deemed incompatible in regulatory systems.

[10] DNA editing proteins often take part in the immune response system of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, providing high variance in gene expression in adaptation to various pathogens.

[11] Specific examples include: mRNA processing acts as a form of post-transcriptional regulation, which mostly happens in eukaryotes.

[13][14] Certain mRNA binding mechanisms have high specificity, which can act as a form of the intrinsic immune response during certain viral infections.

Trans-acting factors in alternative splicing in mRNA. Alternative splicing is a key mechanism that is involved in gene expression regulation. In the alternative splicing, trans-acting factors such as SR protein, hnRNP and snRNP control this mechanism by acting in trans. SR protein promotes the spliceosome assembly by interacting with snRNP(e.g. U1, U2) and splicing factors(e.g. U2AF65), and it can also antagonize the activity of hnRNP that inhibits splicing.